mySQL分区（Partition）功能|南京小程序开发_H5开发_公众号开发_网站制作_网站建设

自5.1开始对分区(Partition)有支持

= 水平分区（根据列属性按行分）=
举个简单例子：一个包含十年发票记录的表可以被分区为十个不同的分区，每个分区包含的是其中一年的记录。

=== 水平分区的几种模式：===
* Range（范围） – 这种模式允许DBA将数据划分不同范围。例如DBA可以将一个表通过年份划分成三个分区，80年代（1980’s）的数据，90年代（1990’s）的数据以及任何在2000年（包括2000年）后的数据。

* Hash（哈希） – 这中模式允许DBA通过对表的一个或多个列的Hash Key进行计算，最后通过这个Hash码不同数值对应的数据区域进行分区，。例如DBA可以建立一个对表主键进行分区的表。

* Key（键值） – 上面Hash模式的一种延伸，这里的Hash Key是MySQL系统产生的。

* List（预定义列表） – 这种模式允许系统通过DBA定义的列表的值所对应的行数据进行分割。例如：DBA建立了一个横跨三个分区的表，分别根据2004年2005年和2006年值所对应的数据。

* Composite（复合模式） – 很神秘吧，哈哈，其实是以上模式的组合使用而已，就不解释了。举例：在初始化已经进行了Range范围分区的表上，我们可以对其中一个分区再进行hash哈希分区。

= 垂直分区（按列分）=
举个简单例子：一个包含了大text和BLOB列的表，这些text和BLOB列又不经常被访问，这时候就要把这些不经常使用的text和BLOB了划分到另一个分区，在保证它们数据相关性的同时还能提高访问速度。

[分区表和未分区表试验过程]

*创建分区表,按日期的年份拆分
mysql> CREATE TABLE part_tab ( c1 int default NULL, c2 varchar(30) default NULL, c3 date default NULL) engine=myisam
PARTITION BY RANGE (year(c3)) (PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1995),
PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (1996) , PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (1997) ,
PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (1998) , PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (1999) ,
PARTITION p5 VALUES LESS THAN (2000) , PARTITION p6 VALUES LESS THAN (2001) ,
PARTITION p7 VALUES LESS THAN (2002) , PARTITION p8 VALUES LESS THAN (2003) ,
PARTITION p9 VALUES LESS THAN (2004) , PARTITION p10 VALUES LESS THAN (2010),
PARTITION p11 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE );
注意最后一行，考虑到可能的最大值

*创建未分区表
mysql> create table no_part_tab (c1 int(11) default NULL,c2 varchar(30) default NULL,c3 date default NULL) engine=myisam;
*通过存储过程灌入800万条测试数据

mysql> set sql_mode=”; /* 如果创建存储过程失败，则先需设置此变量, bug? */

mysql> delimiter // /* 设定语句终结符为 //，因存储过程语句用;结束 */
mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE load_part_tab()
begin
declare v int default 0;
while v < 8000000
do
insert into part_tab
values (v,’testing partitions’,adddate(‘1995-01-01’,(rand(v)*36520) mod 3652));
set v = v + 1;
end while;
end
//
mysql> delimiter ;
mysql> call load_part_tab();
Query OK, 1 row affected (8 min 17.75 sec)
mysql> insert into no_part_tab select * from part_tab;
Query OK, 8000000 rows affected (51.59 sec)
Records: 8000000 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

* 测试SQL性能
mysql> select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1995-12-31’;
+———-+
| count(*) |
+———-+
| 795181 |
+———-+

1 row in set (0.55 sec)
mysql> select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1995-12-31’;
+———-+
| count(*) |
+———-+
| 795181 |
+———-+
1 row in set (4.69 sec)
结果表明分区表比未分区表的执行时间少90%。

* 通过explain语句来分析执行情况
mysql > explain select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1995-12-31’\G
/* 结尾的\G使得mysql的输出改为列模式 */
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: no_part_tab
type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
key: NULL
key_len: NULL
ref: NULL
rows: 8000000
Extra: Using where
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> explain select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1995-12-31’\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: part_tab
type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
key: NULL
key_len: NULL
ref: NULL
rows: 798458
Extra: Using where
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
explain语句显示了SQL查询要处理的记录数目

* 试验创建索引后情况
mysql> create index idx_of_c3 on no_part_tab (c3);
Query OK, 8000000 rows affected (1 min 18.08 sec)
Records: 8000000 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> create index idx_of_c3 on part_tab (c3);
Query OK, 8000000 rows affected (1 min 19.19 sec)
Records: 8000000 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

* 再次测试SQL性能
mysql> select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1995-12-31’;
+———-+
| count(*) |
+———-+
| 795181 |
+———-+

1 row in set (2.42 sec) /* 为原来4.69 sec 的51%*/

重启mysql ( net stop mysql, net start mysql)后，查询时间降为0.89 sec,几乎与分区表相同。
mysql> select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1995-12-31’;
+———-+
| count(*) |
+———-+
| 795181 |
+———-+
1 row in set (0.86 sec)

* 更进一步的试验
** 增加日期范围
mysql> select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1997-12-31’;
+———-+
| count(*) |
+———-+
| 2396524 |
+———-+
1 row in set (5.42 sec)
mysql> select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1997-12-31’;
+———-+
| count(*) |
+———-+
| 2396524 |
+———-+

1 row in set (2.63 sec)

** 增加未索引字段查询
mysql> select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date
‘1996-12-31′ and c2=’hello’;
+———-+
| count(*) |
+———-+
| 0 |
+———-+
1 row in set (0.75 sec)
mysql> select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date ‘1995-01-01’ and c3 < date ‘1996-12-31′ and c2=’hello’;
+———-+
| count(*) |
+———-+
| 0 |
+———-+
1 row in set (11.52 sec)

= 初步结论 =
* 分区和未分区占用文件空间大致相同（数据和索引文件）
* 如果查询语句中有未建立索引字段，分区时间远远优于未分区时间
* 如果查询语句中字段建立了索引，分区和未分区的差别缩小，分区略优于未分区。

= 最终结论 =
* 对于大数据量，建议使用分区功能。
* 去除不必要的字段
* 根据手册，增加myisam_max_sort_file_size 会增加分区性能

[分区命令详解]

= 分区例子 =
* RANGE 类型

CREATE TABLE users (
       uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
       name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
       email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (uid) (
       PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (3000000)
       DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
       INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',

       PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000)
       DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
       INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx',

       PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (9000000)
       DATA DIRECTORY = '/data4/data'
       INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data5/idx',

       PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data6/data' 
       INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data7/idx'
);

在这里，将用户表分成4个分区，以每300万条记录为界限，每个分区都有自己独立的数据、索引文件的存放目录，与此同时，这些目录所在的物理磁盘分区可能也都是完全独立的，可以提高磁盘IO吞吐量。

* LIST 类型

CREATE TABLE category (
     cid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
     name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY LIST (cid) (
     PARTITION p0 VALUES IN (0,4,8,12)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data' 
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',
     
     PARTITION p1 VALUES IN (1,5,9,13)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx',
     
     PARTITION p2 VALUES IN (2,6,10,14)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data4/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data5/idx',
     
     PARTITION p3 VALUES IN (3,7,11,15)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data6/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data7/idx'
);

分成4个区，数据文件和索引文件单独存放。

* HASH 类型

CREATE TABLE users (
     uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
     name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY HASH (uid) PARTITIONS 4 (
     PARTITION p0
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',

     PARTITION p1
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx',

     PARTITION p2
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data4/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data5/idx',

     PARTITION p3
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data6/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data7/idx'
);

分成4个区，数据文件和索引文件单独存放。

例子：

CREATE TABLE ti2 (id INT, amount DECIMAL(7,2), tr_date DATE)
    ENGINE=myisam
    PARTITION BY HASH( MONTH(tr_date) )
    PARTITIONS 6;

CREATE PROCEDURE load_ti2()
       begin
    declare v int default 0;
    while v < 80000
    do
        insert into ti2
        values (v,'3.14',adddate('1995-01-01',(rand(v)*3652) mod 365));
         set v = v + 1;
    end while;
    end
    //

* KEY 类型

CREATE TABLE users (
     uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
     name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY KEY (uid) PARTITIONS 4 (
     PARTITION p0
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',
     
     PARTITION p1
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data' 
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx',
     
     PARTITION p2 
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data4/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data5/idx',
     
     PARTITION p3 
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data6/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data7/idx'
);

分成4个区，数据文件和索引文件单独存放。

* 子分区
子分区是针对 RANGE/LIST 类型的分区表中每个分区的再次分割。再次分割可以是 HASH/KEY 等类型。例如：

CREATE TABLE users (
     uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
     name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (uid) SUBPARTITION BY HASH (uid % 4) SUBPARTITIONS 2(
     PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (3000000)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',

     PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx'
);

对 RANGE 分区再次进行子分区划分，子分区采用 HASH 类型。
或者

CREATE TABLE users (
     uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
     name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (uid) SUBPARTITION BY KEY(uid) SUBPARTITIONS 2(
     PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (3000000)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',

     PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx'
);

对 RANGE 分区再次进行子分区划分，子分区采用 KEY 类型。

= 分区管理 =

* 删除分区

ALERT TABLE users DROP PARTITION p0;

删除分区 p0。

* 重建分区
o RANGE 分区重建

ALTER TABLE users REORGANIZE PARTITION p0,p1 INTO (PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000));

将原来的 p0,p1 分区合并起来，放到新的 p0 分区中。
o LIST 分区重建

ALTER TABLE users REORGANIZE PARTITION p0,p1 INTO (PARTITION p0 VALUES IN(0,1,4,5,8,9,12,13));

将原来的 p0,p1 分区合并起来，放到新的 p0 分区中。
o HASH/KEY 分区重建

 ALTER TABLE users REORGANIZE PARTITION COALESCE PARTITION 2;

用 REORGANIZE 方式重建分区的数量变成2，在这里数量只能减少不能增加。想要增加可以用 ADD PARTITION 方法。
* 新增分区
o 新增 RANGE 分区

 ALTER TABLE category ADD PARTITION (PARTITION p4 VALUES IN (16,17,18,19)
            DATA DIRECTORY = '/data8/data'
            INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data9/idx');

新增一个RANGE分区。
o 新增 HASH/KEY 分区

  ALTER TABLE users ADD PARTITION PARTITIONS 8;

将分区总数扩展到8个。

[ 给已有的表加上分区 ]

alter table results partition by RANGE (month(ttime)) 
(PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1),
PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (2) , PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (3) ,
PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (4) , PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (5) ,
PARTITION p5 VALUES LESS THAN (6) , PARTITION p6 VALUES LESS THAN (7) ,
PARTITION p7 VALUES LESS THAN (8) , PARTITION p8 VALUES LESS THAN (9) ,
PARTITION p9 VALUES LESS THAN (10) , PARTITION p10 VALUES LESS THAN (11),
PARTITION p11 VALUES LESS THAN (12),
PARTITION P12 VALUES LESS THAN (13) );

默认分区限制分区字段必须是主键（PRIMARY KEY)的一部分，为了去除此
限制：
[方法1] 使用ID

mysql> ALTER TABLE np_pk
    ->     PARTITION BY HASH( TO_DAYS(added) )
    ->     PARTITIONS 4;

ERROR 1503 (HY000): A PRIMARY KEY must include all columns in the table’s partitioning function

However, this statement using the id column for the partitioning column is valid, as shown here:

mysql> ALTER TABLE np_pk
    ->     PARTITION BY HASH(id)
    ->     PARTITIONS 4;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

[方法2] 将原有PK去掉生成新PK

mysql> alter table results drop PRIMARY KEY;

Query OK, 5374850 rows affected (7 min 4.05 sec)
Records: 5374850 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> alter table results add PRIMARY KEY(id, ttime);

Query OK, 5374850 rows affected (6 min 14.86 sec)

Records: 5374850 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> delimiter ;
mysql>  call load_part_tab();
Query OK, 1 row affected (3 min 24.64 sec)

mysql>  select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1995-12-31'; +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 0 | +----------+ 1 row in set (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into no_part_tab select * from part_tab;
Query OK, 8000000 rows affected (4.97 sec)
Records: 8000000  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1995-12-31'; +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 795181 | +----------+ 1 row in set (0.18 sec) mysql>  select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1995-12-31'; +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 795181 | +----------+ 1 row in set (1.69 sec) mysql> explain select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1995-12-31'\G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: no_part_tab partitions: NULL type: ALL possible_keys: NULL key: NULL key_len: NULL ref: NULL rows: 8000000 filtered: 11.11 Extra: Using where 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec) mysql> explain select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1995-12-31'\G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: part_tab partitions: p1 type: ALL possible_keys: NULL key: NULL key_len: NULL ref: NULL rows: 798458 filtered: 11.11 Extra: Using where 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> create index idx_of_c3 on no_part_tab (c3);
Query OK, 8000000 rows affected (18.11 sec)
Records: 8000000  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> create index idx_of_c3 on part_tab (c3);
Query OK, 8000000 rows affected (18.54 sec)
Records: 8000000  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1995-12-31'; +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 795181 | +----------+ 1 row in set (0.29 sec) mysql> select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1995-12-31'; +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 795181 | +----------+ 1 row in set (0.27 sec) mysql> select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1995-12-31'; +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 795181 | +----------+ 1 row in set (0.26 sec) mysql>  select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1997-12-31'; +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 2396524 | +----------+ 1 row in set (0.90 sec) mysql> explain select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1997-12-31'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: part_tab
   partitions: p1,p2,p3
         type: index
possible_keys: idx_of_c3
          key: idx_of_c3
      key_len: 4
          ref: NULL
         rows: 2399814
     filtered: 99.74
        Extra: Using where; Using index
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> explain select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1997-12-31'\G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: part_tab partitions: p1,p2,p3 type: index possible_keys: idx_of_c3 key: idx_of_c3 key_len: 4 ref: NULL rows: 2399814 filtered: 99.74 Extra: Using where; Using index 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> explain select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1997-12-31'G\ -> ;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'G' at line 1
mysql> explain select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date '1995-01-01' and c3 < date '1997-12-31'\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: no_part_tab
   partitions: NULL
         type: range
possible_keys: idx_of_c3
          key: idx_of_c3
      key_len: 4
          ref: NULL
         rows: 2367884
     filtered: 100.00
        Extra: Using where; Using index
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

ERROR: 
No query specified

CREATE TABLE users (
       uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
       name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
       email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
PARTITION BY RANGE (uid) (
       PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (3000000)
       DATA DIRECTORY = '/Users/tanglewang/mysqlfenqu/data0/data'
       INDEX DIRECTORY = '/Users/tanglewang/mysqlfenqu/data1/idx',

       PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000)
       DATA DIRECTORY = '/Users/tanglewang/mysqlfenqu/data2/data'
       INDEX DIRECTORY = '/Users/tanglewang/mysqlfenqu/data3/idx',

       PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (9000000)
       DATA DIRECTORY = '/Users/tanglewang/mysqlfenqu/data4/data'
       INDEX DIRECTORY = '/Users/tanglewang/mysqlfenqu/data5/idx',

       PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE     
       DATA DIRECTORY = '/Users/tanglewang/mysqlfenqu/data6/data' 
       INDEX DIRECTORY = '/Users/tanglewang/mysqlfenqu/data7/idx'
);

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